Goal Five

• Robber Barons
• a term used for a powerful 19th century American businessman. By the 1890s, the term was typically applied to businessmen who were viewed as having used questionable practices to obtain their wealth
• Negative perception of Captains of Industry
• Andrew Carnegie
• a Scottish-American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. He built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which was later merged with Elbert H. Gary's      Federal Steel Company and      several smaller companies to     create U.S. Steel.
• J.P. Morgan
• an American financier, banker and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. In 1892 Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric. After financing the creation of the Federal Steel Company he merged in 1901 with the Carnegie Steel Company and several other steel and iron businesses
• John D. Rockefeller
• was an American oil industrialist, investor, and philanthropist. He was the founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust.
• William Henry
  Vanderbilt
• His father started him out at just 19 as a clerk in a New York banking house.
• He joined the executive of the Staten Island Railway. He was made President in 1862. Then Vice-President of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad
• He eventually became President of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, the Canada Southern Railway, and the Michigan Central Railroad
• Labor Unions
• Knights of Labor
• The Knights of Labor was the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. Its most important leader was Terence V. Powderly. The Knights promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected Socialism and radicalism, demanded the eight-hour day, and promoted the producers ethic of republicanism. They formed as a response to the oppressive actions of business as a means to improve the lot of the “industrial” worker. The demise began because of the Haymarket Square Riot.
• American Federation
  of Labor
• was founded in Columbus, Ohio in December 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor association. Samuel Gompers of the Cigar Makers' International Union was elected president of the Federation at its founding convention and was reelected every year except one until his death in 1924. The AFL was the largest union grouping in the United States for the first half of the 20th century
• Gospel of Wealth
• an article written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that described the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. The central thesis of                Carnegie's essay was to allow the       large sums of money to be passed       into the hands of persons or organizations ill-equipped mentally or emotionally to cope with them
• Social Darwinism
• a modern name given to various theories of society that emerged in England and the United States in the 1870s, and allegedly sought to apply biological concepts to sociology and politics. The term social Darwinism became widespread when used to oppose earlier ideology, many such views stressed competition between individuals in laissez-faire capitalism; but the ideology also motivated ideas of scientific racism, imperialism, fascism, Nazism and struggle between national or racial groups
• Survival of the fittest
• Social Gospel
• a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the early 20th century United States and Canada.
• The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as excessive wealth, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war.
• Theologically, the Social Gospellers sought to operationalize the Lord's Prayer
• Sherman Anti-trust Act
• a landmark federal statute
• The first to limit cartels and monopolies
• competition law passed by Congress in 1890.
• It prohibits certain business activities
• Reduces competition- marketplace requires the US federal governmentto investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of being in violation
• Still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation
• Interstate Commerce Commission
• was a regulatory body in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.
• The agency's original purpose was to regulate railroads to ensure fair rates and to eliminate rate discrimination
• Immigration 1800-1920
• Eastern immigration, immigration took place in order to escape religious persecution and programs.
• Nativism meant that the people already established did not want the new people coming in because they would take jobs and land.
• “Urban slums” is the slang term for the Settlement Houses
• Settlement Houses/
  Jane Addams
• Jane Addams was pioneer            settlement worker,
• founder of Hull House in Chicago,
• public philosopher,
•  sociologist, author, and
• leader in woman suffrage and world peace.
•  Beside presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson,
• most prominent reformer of the Progressive Era
• helped turn the nation to issues of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, public health, and world peace.

Goal Four

0        Goal 4

0        The Great West and Western Development

0        Motivation for Westward Movement

0        Manifest Destiny

(Rap: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qrjg9ulR-xo )

0        James K. Polk “Manifest Destiny”= God’s idea that the US should extend from the Atlantics Pacific Ocean (Regardless of Indians/ Mexicans or anybody else)

0        Homestead Act 1862

0        To encourage people to move westward

0        granted 160 acres of land but you had to stay on the land for 5yrs.

0        Mormon Migration

0         Joseph Smith made the Book of Mormons

0        They are persecuted so Brigham Young (prophet of God) led the Mormon exodus to Salt Lake City, Utah

0        Migrated Westward along the Oregon Trail which consisted of a religious community that plays a major role in the settling of the West

0        Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints in Fayette, New York by Joseph Smith and five associates in 1830

0        a railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, completed in 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah

0        1860’s Union Pacific and Central Pacific in a race to lay track

0        Labor done mostly by Irish and Chinese – some African Americans

0        By 1869 there were 5 transcontinental railroads

0        Dawes Act 1887
 Helen Hunt Jackson

0        Passed by Congress to “Americanize” the Native Americans

0        Act broke up reservation land and redistributed it to Native Americans

0        She exposed the governments many broken promises in her book A Century of Dishonor

0        Populism

0        Farmers v. Railroads

0        Populist farmers wanted inflation; lower railroad rates; and silver

0        Farmers saw railroads as monopolies because they controlled the railroad rates.

0        Munn v. Illinois. Is a farmer’s win (states cant control the railroad prices)

0        Wabash v. Illinois that says that they (states) cant regulate railroad prices. ICC (interstate Commerce Act controls prices).

0        Populism (cont.)

0        Bimetallism: Gold v. Silver

0        William Jennings Bryan- “Cross of Gold Speech” – fighting the gold standard

0        Populist Party Platform

0        Grange Framers Alliance Populist party

0        Direct election of senators, progressive tax, standard work day, women getting right to vote

0        Failed to become third party because it did not expand to groups other than farmers  (McKinley)

Goal Three

http://www.vuvox.com/collage/detail/058267c46c

Goal Two

•      American System

•      Proposed by Henry Clay

•      Revival of Hamilton Plan

–     Protective tariffs

–     National Bank

–     Internal improvements (canals, roads, etc.)

•      Missouri Compromise

•      Prohibited slavery north of the parallel 36°30′ north

•      Missouri would enter as a slave state

•      Maine would enter as a free state

•      Monroe Doctrine

•      a policy of U.S opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in 1823

•      Eli Whitney/ Cotton Kingdom

•      Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which revolutionized the southern economy

•      South called “Cotton Kingdom”  because it became the leading producer of cotton in the world and had its whole economy dependent on cotton production

•      Spoil System

•      the practice of winning candidates rewarding their supporters with government jobs

•      Andrew Jackson

•      Indian Removal

•      Indian Removal Act 1830: Government provided funds to negotiate treaties that would force the Native Americans to move west.

•      Signed by President Andrew Jackson

•       West of the Mississippi River

•      Strongly supported by the South

•      Trail of Tears

•      Trail of Tears: 800 mile trip to move the Cherokee tribe west of the Mississippi.

•      The forced removal of Native Americans from states after the passage of the Indian Removal Act

•      4,000-15,000 Cherokees died.

•      Worcester v. Georgia

•      Supreme Court ruled that Georgia was not entitled to regulate the Cherokee nor to invade their lands.

•      Tariff Controversy

•      Tariff of Abominations (Tariff of 1828)

–     Tax on imports/ Only benefited North

•      States wanted to nullify the tariff based on their constitutional right to declare a law invalid

•      Force Acts allowed Jackson to use federal troops against states

•      Resolution:

–     Henry Clay proposed a compromise in which the tariffs would be gradually lowered

•      Pet Banks

•      Jackson placed all federal money in state banks which he controlled

•      Eventually most banks failed

•      Specie Circular Act: government land had to be paid with gold or silver

•      Mexican War

Causes:

•      Annexation of Texas

•      President Polk wanted to control California and make it a state in order to fulfill Manifest Destiny

–     the US annexed Texas after it won independence from Mexico

•      Boundary Dispute: US thought the southern boundary of Texas was the Rio Grande River while Mexico declared it at the Nueces River further north

•      Course

•      US forces quickly occupied New Mexico and California and then invaded Northern Mexico while the Pacific Squadron carried out a blockade. Mexico refused to surrender its northern territories in response, the US invaded and captured Mexico City thus ending the war

•      Consequences

•      US gained 525,000 square miles of new land

•      US suffered heavy losses: 13,000 dead with most killed due to disease

•      Set precedent for how to deal with Mexico and Latin American countries

•      Out of the war, many heroes emerged that would later play a substantial role in the Civil War